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Fishing in India is a major industry in its coastal states, employing over 14 million people. Fish production in India has increased more than tenfold since its independence in 1947. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, fish output in India doubled between 1990 and 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2011 )〕 India has 8,118 kilometers of marine coastline, 3,827 fishing villages, and 1,914 traditional fish landing centers. India's fresh water resources consist of 195,210 kilometers of rivers and canals, 2.9 million hectares of minor and major reservoirs, 2.4 million hectares of ponds and lakes, and about 0.8 million hectares of flood plain wetlands and water bodies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations )〕 As of 2010, the marine and freshwater resources offered a combined sustainable catch fishing potential of over 4 million metric tonnes of fish. In addition, India's water and natural resources offer a tenfold growth potential in aquaculture (farm fishing) from 2010 harvest levels of 3.9 million metric tonnes of fish, if India were to adopt fishing knowledge, regulatory reforms, and sustainability policies adopted by China over the last two decades. The marine fish harvested in India consist of about 65 commercially important species/groups. Pelagic and midwater species contributed about 52% of the total marine fish in 2004. India is a major supplier of fish in the world. In 2006 the country exported over 600,000 metric tonnes of fish, to some 90 countries, earning over $1.8 billion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, India )〕 Shrimps are one of the major varieties exported. The giant tiger prawn (''Penaeus monodon'') is the dominant species chosen for aquaculture, followed by the Indian white prawn (''Fenneropenaeus indicus''). Shrimp production from coastal aquaculture during 2004 stood at approximately 120,000 tonnes. Farmed shrimp accounted for about 60% of shrimp exported from the country. Marine and freshwater catch fishing combined with aquaculture fish farming is a rapidly growing industry in India. In 2008 India was the sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries, and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer in the world.〔 Fish as food—both from fish farms and catch fisheries—offers India one of the easiest and fastest way to address malnutrition and food security. Despite rapid growth in total fish production, a fish farmers’ average annual production in India is only 2 tonnes per person, compared to 172 tonnes in Norway, 72 tonnes in Chile, and 6 tonnes per fisherman in China.〔(【引用サイトリンク】year=2010 )〕 Higher productivity, knowledge transfer for sustainable fishing, continued growth in fish production with increase in fish exports have the potential for increasing the living standards of Indian fishermen. As of 2010, fish harvest distribution was difficult within India because of poor rural road infrastructure, lack of cold storage and absence of organized retail in most parts of the country. In 2013, with access to Sri Lankan waters closed after the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, Indian fishers quickly overfished their own waters and production plummeted.〔("Karunanidhi asks Centre to take up fishermen’s issues." )〕 ==History== Fishing and aquaculture in India has a long history. Kautilya's Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.) and King Someswara's Manasottara (1127 A.D.) each refer to fish culture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations )〕 For centuries, India has had a traditional practice of fish culture in small ponds in Eastern India. Significant advances in productivity were made in the state of West Bengal in the early nineteenth century with the controlled breeding of carp in ''Bundhs'' (tanks or impoundments where river conditions are simulated). Fish culture received notable attention in Tamil Nadu (formerly the state of Madras) as early as 1911, subsequently, states such as West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh initiated fish culture through the establishment of Fisheries Departments. In 2006, Indian central government initiated a dedicated organization focussed on fisheries, under its Ministry of Agriculture. Brackishwater farming in India is also an age-old system confined mainly to the ''Bheries'' (manmade impoundments in coastal wetlands) of West Bengal and ''pokkali'' (salt resistant deepwater paddy) fields along the Kerala coast. With no additional knowledge and technology input, except that of trapping the naturally bred juvenile fish and shrimp seed, these systems have been sustaining production levels of between 500 and 750 kg/ha/year with shrimp contributing 20 to 25 percent of the total Indian production.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fishing in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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